{"id":1375,"date":"2019-06-06T22:53:01","date_gmt":"2019-06-06T20:53:01","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/ebenisterie-mathieuvath.fr\/?p=1375"},"modified":"2021-05-31T09:08:33","modified_gmt":"2021-05-31T07:08:33","slug":"commode-mazarine","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/ebenisterie-mathieuvath.fr\/en\/2019\/06\/06\/commode-mazarine\/","title":{"rendered":"Mazarine Chest of Drawers"},"content":{"rendered":"<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Cette semaine, retour sur la restauration d&rsquo;une commode d&rsquo;\u00e9poque Louis XIV, une commode dite Mazarine. Mais d&rsquo;ou vient ce nom de \u00ab\u00a0Mazarine\u00a0\u00bb ? <\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Et bien il semblerait qu&rsquo;un exemplaire ai \u00e9t\u00e9 fabriqu\u00e9 la premi\u00e8re fois pour la fameuse biblioth\u00e8que Mazarine, tout simplement.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">D&rsquo;ailleurs, l&rsquo;illustre cr\u00e9ateur de la commode, n&rsquo;est autre que, Andr\u00e9 Charles Boulle, lui m\u00eame. Pour la chambre de Louis&nbsp;XIV \u00e0&nbsp;Trianon, il r\u00e9volutionne en 1708 une forme de meuble&nbsp;: la commode, qui tient son nom du c\u00f4t\u00e9 \u00ab\u00a0pratique\u00a0\u00bb compar\u00e9 aux coffres qui \u00e9taient largement employ\u00e9s \u00e0 l&rsquo;\u00e9poque. Aujourd\u2019hui pr\u00e9sent\u00e9es \u00e0 Versailles, les&nbsp;deux commodes&nbsp;du roi r\u00e9sument \u00e0 merveille l\u2019art de Boulle&nbsp;: originalit\u00e9 du meuble dans son principe et sa forme, marqueterie de cuivre et d\u2019\u00e9caille, abondance des bronzes. Elles sont, de surcro\u00eet, les rares meubles identifi\u00e9s de son immense production.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Mais retournons \u00e0 notre commode. Celle ci doit probablement dater du milieu XVIIIe si\u00e8cle. Le corps est en conif\u00e8re assembl\u00e9 \u00e0 queues d&rsquo;arondes, et elle est plaqu\u00e9e d&rsquo;olivier, de poirier noirci, d&rsquo;\u00e9pine vinette, de buis et d&rsquo;\u00e9rable sycomore. Les entr\u00e9es de serrures et les sabots en pied de biche sont dor\u00e9s au mercure.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Sur cette commode, il n&rsquo;a pas beaucoup de travail sur le placage ni sur la boiserie. Elle a s\u00fbrement d\u00fb \u00eatre restaur\u00e9e il y a d\u00e9j\u00e0 quelques ann\u00e9es. Mais c&rsquo;est en d\u00e9capant la grosse \u00e9paisseur de vernis cellulosique qui avait blanchi avec le temps que les d\u00e9g\u00e2ts sont apparus. <\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"768\" height=\"1024\" src=\"https:\/\/ebenisterie-mathieuvath.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/06\/UNADJUSTEDNONRAW_thumb_7c1b-768x1024.gif\" alt=\"Eb\u00e9nisterie Mathieu VATH\" class=\"wp-image-1370\" srcset=\"https:\/\/ebenisterie-mathieuvath.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/06\/UNADJUSTEDNONRAW_thumb_7c1b-768x1024.gif 768w, https:\/\/ebenisterie-mathieuvath.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/06\/UNADJUSTEDNONRAW_thumb_7c1b-225x300.gif 225w, https:\/\/ebenisterie-mathieuvath.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/06\/UNADJUSTEDNONRAW_thumb_7c1b-700x933.gif 700w, https:\/\/ebenisterie-mathieuvath.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/06\/UNADJUSTEDNONRAW_thumb_7c1b-520x693.gif 520w, https:\/\/ebenisterie-mathieuvath.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/06\/UNADJUSTEDNONRAW_thumb_7c1b-360x480.gif 360w, https:\/\/ebenisterie-mathieuvath.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/06\/UNADJUSTEDNONRAW_thumb_7c1b-250x333.gif 250w, https:\/\/ebenisterie-mathieuvath.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/06\/UNADJUSTEDNONRAW_thumb_7c1b-100x133.gif 100w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 768px) 100vw, 768px\" \/><figcaption>Constat des perces<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">On peut tr\u00e8s bien voir sur cette photo toutes les perces ,d\u00fb \u00e0 un pon\u00e7age excessif, dans le poirier noirci. <\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Mais pourquoi ces perces se trouvent elles uniquement dans le poirier noirci? <\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Et bien il faut savoir que cette commode a \u00e9t\u00e9 plaqu\u00e9e au marteau. A cette \u00e9poque l&rsquo; \u00e9b\u00e9niste a commenc\u00e9 par plaquer le fond en poirier noirci, puis le frisage en olivier. Et c&rsquo;est apr\u00e8s, qu&rsquo;il a incrust\u00e9 les motifs de marqueterie, pr\u00e9d\u00e9coup\u00e9s \u00e0 la scie \u00e0 chantourner, avec un couteau \u00e0 marqueterie. Et ensuite il a racl\u00e9, ponc\u00e9 \u00e0 la peau de chien de mer et \u00e0 la lime douce, pour enfin polir le meuble.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1024\" height=\"602\" src=\"https:\/\/ebenisterie-mathieuvath.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/06\/IMG_2320-e1559806385836-1024x602.gif\" alt=\"Eb\u00e9nisterie Mathieu VATH\" class=\"wp-image-1379\" srcset=\"https:\/\/ebenisterie-mathieuvath.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/06\/IMG_2320-e1559806385836-1024x602.gif 1024w, https:\/\/ebenisterie-mathieuvath.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/06\/IMG_2320-e1559806385836-300x176.gif 300w, https:\/\/ebenisterie-mathieuvath.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/06\/IMG_2320-e1559806385836-768x451.gif 768w, https:\/\/ebenisterie-mathieuvath.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/06\/IMG_2320-e1559806385836-700x412.gif 700w, https:\/\/ebenisterie-mathieuvath.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/06\/IMG_2320-e1559806385836-520x306.gif 520w, https:\/\/ebenisterie-mathieuvath.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/06\/IMG_2320-e1559806385836-360x212.gif 360w, https:\/\/ebenisterie-mathieuvath.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/06\/IMG_2320-e1559806385836-250x147.gif 250w, https:\/\/ebenisterie-mathieuvath.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/06\/IMG_2320-e1559806385836-100x59.gif 100w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 1024px) 100vw, 1024px\" \/><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Donc, le fond en poirier noirci se retrouve l\u00e9g\u00e8rement en sous \u00e9paisseur, et lors du pon\u00e7age du meuble lors des pr\u00e9c\u00e9dentes restaurations la catastrophe est arriv\u00e9e.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Ce qui nous permet de tr\u00e8s bien voir les traces de rabot \u00e0 dents qui sont tr\u00e8s larges. Cela nous donne un bon indice sur l&rsquo;\u00e9poque de conception de ce meuble.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"768\" height=\"1024\" src=\"https:\/\/ebenisterie-mathieuvath.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/06\/UNADJUSTEDNONRAW_thumb_7be8-768x1024.gif\" alt=\"Eb\u00e9nisterie Mathieu VATH\" class=\"wp-image-1366\" srcset=\"https:\/\/ebenisterie-mathieuvath.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/06\/UNADJUSTEDNONRAW_thumb_7be8-768x1024.gif 768w, https:\/\/ebenisterie-mathieuvath.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/06\/UNADJUSTEDNONRAW_thumb_7be8-225x300.gif 225w, https:\/\/ebenisterie-mathieuvath.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/06\/UNADJUSTEDNONRAW_thumb_7be8-700x933.gif 700w, https:\/\/ebenisterie-mathieuvath.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/06\/UNADJUSTEDNONRAW_thumb_7be8-520x693.gif 520w, https:\/\/ebenisterie-mathieuvath.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/06\/UNADJUSTEDNONRAW_thumb_7be8-360x480.gif 360w, https:\/\/ebenisterie-mathieuvath.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/06\/UNADJUSTEDNONRAW_thumb_7be8-250x333.gif 250w, https:\/\/ebenisterie-mathieuvath.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/06\/UNADJUSTEDNONRAW_thumb_7be8-100x133.gif 100w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 768px) 100vw, 768px\" \/><figcaption>Constat des d\u00e9gradations<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Donc,  la restauration a consist\u00e9 \u00e0 redonner de la lisibilit\u00e9 \u00e0 la marqueterie en reconstituant les quelques manques qui ont disparu  \u00e0 cause de la perce. Et pour ne pas engendrer plus de d\u00e9gradations, il a \u00e9t\u00e9 choisi de simplement retinter le poirier noirci avec une teinte \u00e0 l&rsquo;eau.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"768\" height=\"1024\" src=\"https:\/\/ebenisterie-mathieuvath.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/06\/UNADJUSTEDNONRAW_thumb_7be6-1-768x1024.gif\" alt=\"Eb\u00e9nisterie Mathieu VATH\" class=\"wp-image-1382\" srcset=\"https:\/\/ebenisterie-mathieuvath.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/06\/UNADJUSTEDNONRAW_thumb_7be6-1-768x1024.gif 768w, https:\/\/ebenisterie-mathieuvath.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/06\/UNADJUSTEDNONRAW_thumb_7be6-1-225x300.gif 225w, https:\/\/ebenisterie-mathieuvath.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/06\/UNADJUSTEDNONRAW_thumb_7be6-1-700x933.gif 700w, https:\/\/ebenisterie-mathieuvath.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/06\/UNADJUSTEDNONRAW_thumb_7be6-1-520x693.gif 520w, https:\/\/ebenisterie-mathieuvath.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/06\/UNADJUSTEDNONRAW_thumb_7be6-1-360x480.gif 360w, https:\/\/ebenisterie-mathieuvath.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/06\/UNADJUSTEDNONRAW_thumb_7be6-1-250x333.gif 250w, https:\/\/ebenisterie-mathieuvath.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/06\/UNADJUSTEDNONRAW_thumb_7be6-1-100x133.gif 100w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 768px) 100vw, 768px\" \/><figcaption>On ne voit presque plus le personnage<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">De plus un des deux personnages, sur la marqueterie centrale du plateau avait quasiment enti\u00e8rement disparu. Il a donc \u00e9t\u00e9 d\u00e9cid\u00e9 de le reproduire enti\u00e8rement sur la base des \u00e9l\u00e9ments que l&rsquo;on pouvait encore observer.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"768\" height=\"1024\" src=\"https:\/\/ebenisterie-mathieuvath.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/06\/UNADJUSTEDNONRAW_thumb_7beb-768x1024.gif\" alt=\"Eb\u00e9nisterie Mathieu VATH\" class=\"wp-image-1367\" srcset=\"https:\/\/ebenisterie-mathieuvath.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/06\/UNADJUSTEDNONRAW_thumb_7beb-768x1024.gif 768w, https:\/\/ebenisterie-mathieuvath.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/06\/UNADJUSTEDNONRAW_thumb_7beb-225x300.gif 225w, https:\/\/ebenisterie-mathieuvath.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/06\/UNADJUSTEDNONRAW_thumb_7beb-700x933.gif 700w, https:\/\/ebenisterie-mathieuvath.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/06\/UNADJUSTEDNONRAW_thumb_7beb-520x693.gif 520w, https:\/\/ebenisterie-mathieuvath.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/06\/UNADJUSTEDNONRAW_thumb_7beb-360x480.gif 360w, https:\/\/ebenisterie-mathieuvath.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/06\/UNADJUSTEDNONRAW_thumb_7beb-250x333.gif 250w, https:\/\/ebenisterie-mathieuvath.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/06\/UNADJUSTEDNONRAW_thumb_7beb-100x133.gif 100w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 768px) 100vw, 768px\" \/><figcaption>Nouvelle marqueterie du personnage<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1015\" height=\"651\" src=\"https:\/\/ebenisterie-mathieuvath.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/06\/UNADJUSTEDNONRAW_thumb_7bee.gif\" alt=\"Eb\u00e9nisterie Mathieu VATH\" class=\"wp-image-1369\"\/><figcaption>Avant oxydation des greffes, teinte et finition.<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1024\" height=\"768\" src=\"https:\/\/ebenisterie-mathieuvath.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/06\/UNADJUSTEDNONRAW_thumb_7c18-1024x768.gif\" alt=\"Eb\u00e9nisterie Mathieu VATH\" class=\"wp-image-1372\" srcset=\"https:\/\/ebenisterie-mathieuvath.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/06\/UNADJUSTEDNONRAW_thumb_7c18-1024x768.gif 1024w, https:\/\/ebenisterie-mathieuvath.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/06\/UNADJUSTEDNONRAW_thumb_7c18-300x225.gif 300w, https:\/\/ebenisterie-mathieuvath.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/06\/UNADJUSTEDNONRAW_thumb_7c18-768x576.gif 768w, https:\/\/ebenisterie-mathieuvath.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/06\/UNADJUSTEDNONRAW_thumb_7c18-700x525.gif 700w, https:\/\/ebenisterie-mathieuvath.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/06\/UNADJUSTEDNONRAW_thumb_7c18-520x390.gif 520w, https:\/\/ebenisterie-mathieuvath.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/06\/UNADJUSTEDNONRAW_thumb_7c18-360x270.gif 360w, https:\/\/ebenisterie-mathieuvath.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/06\/UNADJUSTEDNONRAW_thumb_7c18-250x188.gif 250w, https:\/\/ebenisterie-mathieuvath.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/06\/UNADJUSTEDNONRAW_thumb_7c18-100x75.gif 100w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 1024px) 100vw, 1024px\" \/><figcaption>Greffes oxyd\u00e9es et mise en teinte.<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"753\" height=\"672\" src=\"https:\/\/ebenisterie-mathieuvath.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/06\/UNADJUSTEDNONRAW_thumb_7c15.gif\" alt=\"Eb\u00e9nisterie Mathieu VATH\" class=\"wp-image-1371\"\/><figcaption>Teinte d&rsquo;un tiroir<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1024\" height=\"768\" src=\"https:\/\/ebenisterie-mathieuvath.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/06\/UNADJUSTEDNONRAW_thumb_7c45-1024x768.gif\" alt=\"Eb\u00e9nisterie Mathieu VATH\" class=\"wp-image-1374\" srcset=\"https:\/\/ebenisterie-mathieuvath.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/06\/UNADJUSTEDNONRAW_thumb_7c45-1024x768.gif 1024w, https:\/\/ebenisterie-mathieuvath.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/06\/UNADJUSTEDNONRAW_thumb_7c45-300x225.gif 300w, https:\/\/ebenisterie-mathieuvath.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/06\/UNADJUSTEDNONRAW_thumb_7c45-768x576.gif 768w, https:\/\/ebenisterie-mathieuvath.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/06\/UNADJUSTEDNONRAW_thumb_7c45-700x525.gif 700w, https:\/\/ebenisterie-mathieuvath.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/06\/UNADJUSTEDNONRAW_thumb_7c45-520x390.gif 520w, https:\/\/ebenisterie-mathieuvath.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/06\/UNADJUSTEDNONRAW_thumb_7c45-360x270.gif 360w, https:\/\/ebenisterie-mathieuvath.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/06\/UNADJUSTEDNONRAW_thumb_7c45-250x188.gif 250w, https:\/\/ebenisterie-mathieuvath.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/06\/UNADJUSTEDNONRAW_thumb_7c45-100x75.gif 100w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 1024px) 100vw, 1024px\" \/><figcaption>Commode termin\u00e9e<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"688\" height=\"733\" src=\"https:\/\/ebenisterie-mathieuvath.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/06\/UNADJUSTEDNONRAW_thumb_7c43.gif\" alt=\"Eb\u00e9nisterie Mathieu VATH\" class=\"wp-image-1373\"\/><figcaption>Vue de c\u00f4t\u00e9<\/figcaption><\/figure>","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Cette semaine, retour sur la restauration d&rsquo;une commode d&rsquo;\u00e9poque Louis XIV, une commode dite Mazarine. Mais d&rsquo;ou vient ce nom de \u00ab\u00a0Mazarine\u00a0\u00bb ? Et bien il semblerait qu&rsquo;un exemplaire ai \u00e9t\u00e9 fabriqu\u00e9 la premi\u00e8re fois pour la fameuse biblioth\u00e8que Mazarine, tout simplement. D&rsquo;ailleurs, l&rsquo;illustre cr\u00e9ateur de la commode, n&rsquo;est autre que, Andr\u00e9 Charles Boulle, lui m\u00eame. Pour la chambre de Louis&nbsp;XIV \u00e0&nbsp;Trianon, il r\u00e9volutionne en 1708 une forme de meuble&nbsp;: la commode, qui tient son nom du c\u00f4t\u00e9 \u00ab\u00a0pratique\u00a0\u00bb compar\u00e9 aux coffres qui \u00e9taient largement employ\u00e9s \u00e0 l&rsquo;\u00e9poque. Aujourd\u2019hui pr\u00e9sent\u00e9es [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":1374,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":true,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"footnotes":""},"categories":[86,19,1,215,67,84,87],"tags":[85,3,15,58,38,37,36,39],"class_list":["post-1375","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-commode","category-marqueterie","category-non-classe","category-placage-marqueterie-2","category-restauration-de-mobilier","category-vernis-au-tampon","category-xviie-siecle","tag-commode","tag-conservation-restauration","tag-ebenisterie-mathieu-vath","tag-peinture-en-bois","tag-restaurateur","tag-restauration-de-meubles","tag-restauration-de-mobilier","tag-sycomore","clearfix"],"acf":[],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO plugin v28.2 - https:\/\/yoast.com\/product\/yoast-seo-wordpress\/ -->\n<title>Commode Mazarine &#8226; \u00c9b\u00e9nisterie Mathieu Vath<\/title>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/ebenisterie-mathieuvath.fr\/en\/2019\/06\/06\/commode-mazarine\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"en_US\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"Commode Mazarine &#8226; \u00c9b\u00e9nisterie Mathieu Vath\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:description\" content=\"Cette semaine, retour sur la restauration d&rsquo;une commode d&rsquo;\u00e9poque Louis XIV, une commode dite Mazarine. Mais d&rsquo;ou vient ce nom de \u00ab\u00a0Mazarine\u00a0\u00bb ? Et bien il semblerait qu&rsquo;un exemplaire ai \u00e9t\u00e9 fabriqu\u00e9 la premi\u00e8re fois pour la fameuse biblioth\u00e8que Mazarine, tout simplement. D&rsquo;ailleurs, l&rsquo;illustre cr\u00e9ateur de la commode, n&rsquo;est autre que, Andr\u00e9 Charles Boulle, lui m\u00eame. Pour la chambre de Louis&nbsp;XIV \u00e0&nbsp;Trianon, il r\u00e9volutionne en 1708 une forme de meuble&nbsp;: la commode, qui tient son nom du c\u00f4t\u00e9 \u00ab\u00a0pratique\u00a0\u00bb compar\u00e9 aux coffres qui \u00e9taient largement employ\u00e9s \u00e0 l&rsquo;\u00e9poque. 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